Firm 11B Class of 2017 KSL

INTRODUCTION

Avrom Sherr describes an interview as a meeting between a lawyer or a legal adviser and a client for the purpose of dealing with the client’s work, needs or problems.[1] An interview is usually the first step taken by an advocate in handling any legal matter.[2] Interviewing is important because it is the first and often the most crucial fact-finding exercise in the handling of a matter.[3] Ambrose Otieno Weda in his book “The Ideal Lawyer” defines a client as a person or other legal entity that employs a lawyer for advice, help or representation in the lawyer’s professional line of work.

A witness in a strict legal sense can be defined to mean one who gives evidence in a matter before a court of law, tribunal, or administrative authority. A witness has knowledge of fact(s) or occurrence sufficient to testify with respect of the fact(s) or the occurrence.

This Paper begins by exploring the significance of the interview in the context of legal work. It then goes on to discuss how an advocate should prepare for an interview. Most importantly, the Paper discusses the techniques of a successful interview by highlighting the specific tasks involved in an advocate’s first meeting with a client. The Paper is divided into two sections. The first section deals with the client interview and the techniques and procedure of conducting a client interview. The second part discusses the witness interview process and attempts to distinguish it from the client interview.

CLIENT INTERVIEW

Per John Calloway, carrying out an initial interview with a client has several objectives[4]. They include but are not limited to:

1. Determining if the legal matter is the type that would interest the lawyer or firm.

2. Determining if the client is one that the firm would have an interest in representing.

3. Communicating to the client the suitability, qualifications, and availability of the lawyer for this matter.

4. Generally outlining the scope of proposed representation.

5. Communicating to the client the anticipated steps ahead, including discussing those matters which cannot be known at this time.

6. If it appears there is going to be an attorney-client relationship, discussing fees, and obtaining the information needed to progress further.

Client interviews can be categorized into three stages. First is the early stage of the interview, which is then followed by the main stage and lastly is the closing stage.[5]

1. Initial Interview

This is a crucial stage for it is upon which relationship and rapport is based. When meeting anyone for the first time it is natural and polite to begin with self‐introductions. Introduction takes many forms. An example is you might introduce yourself with your first name only and then let the client introduce himself. “Hello, I’m Ken. And you are…?” The client can then introduce himself in the way he or she wants to be addressed, whether it’s “Dr. Christine” or simply “Christine”. The problem with offering only the first name is that a client who prefers formality may feel out of place.

Secondly, is what may be termed as ice breakers. This is basically an informal chit chat between a client and an advocate aimed at building a relationship and to make a client comfortable. This is however not necessary as some clients may be so anxious that all they want is to explain their problem to an advocate[6]. A chit chat can provide a helpful transition before focusing on substance. In any new interaction, it just takes people a while to orient and process. Most of us need a transition.

The second important aspect of the interview is setting of the agenda. This is a brief explaining what will happen in the interview and how long you expect the interview to last. An advocate should emphasize that what the client says in the interview will remain confidential. Although awkward, some lawyers talk about fees at this point to avoid misunderstanding.[7] Let the client know that you will discuss the client’s legal rights and possible solutions at the end of the interview.

Next, is identifying the problem and the goals of the client. Here an advocate asks the client for a general description of the underlying transaction and the relief desired.[8] An example is: “Tell me what your problem is, how it came about, and what you think you’d like to have done about it.” When the client has completed his description of the problem, summarize your understanding of it.

An advocate is expected to get a chronological overview of the problem. Ask the client for a detailed systematic chronological description of what has happened. Prompt the client with open-ended, non-leading questions like “what happened next?” but do not probe for detail at this stage.[9] Listen carefully and remember, this is the client’s chance to tell his story. You will obtain fuller information if you let him focus on his concerns at this stage.

At this stage an advocate should be able to identify and develop theories based on the information obtained in the first stages of the interview, the lawyer can mentally generate theories supporting possible legal claims. The lawyer should consider all plausible legal claims/theories and then proceed to obtain relevant information that would support or negate a claim using each theory.[10] This is the time to pursue questions that occurred to you while the client was going through the overview.

On conclusion of the interview, give the client a summary of the law governing his legal rights, and the questions that you must research. Tell the client what you will do next and when you will get back to the client in greater detail on relevant facts.

SKILLS REQUIRED.

Questioning Techniques.

- Ensure that you remain objective and gather as much information as you can from the client.

- Use questions techniques that will prompt the client to communicate information required.

a) Open-ended Questions

This is a wide and explanatory question that requires any number of possible responses. It is not restrictive as to the answers to be given. It is useful for interviewing clients or friendly witnesses.

b) Close-ended Questions

These are questions that require a “yes” or “no” answer. They are useful for witnesses who are reluctant to divulge information.

c) Leading Questions

They are questions that suggest the answer to the question to the listener. They are not to be used because they may lead to distorted responses as the client or witness may doctor the answer to fit his or her perception of what the interviewer wants to know.

d) Hypothetical Questions

They are questions that are based on hypothesis, conjecture, or fiction. They are usually used with expert witnesses.

1) Begin by asking for an open‐ended narrative, and don’t interrupt. Do make the interviewee feel comfortable, try to establish rapport, and then don’t interrupt the story as it’s told. This is not the time to gather details, rather to listen and observe the way your witness (in this case, your potential client) relates his or her story.[11]

(2) Move to the probing stage in which interviewee (client or witness) memory is called upon. The probing interviewer should direct the interviewee to each stage or topic in his story, using one or more of the four following cognitive interview techniques[12]:

Ask the interviewee to “reinstate the context” or remember as much as possible about everything he saw, heard, felt. Ask him to place himself back at the scene or circumstance as much as possible.

Ask the interviewee to divulge everything he remembers, even if it seems irrelevant or unimportant; these can help jog memory of things that are important. When asking for the full memory, the lawyer should specifically request that the interviewee refrain from guessing or inferring, or to explicitly differentiate from what he remembers and knows from what he believes or “figures” must have happened, on why. When the interviewee is talking, about a scene or event, the lawyer should avoid interrupting.

It might help to jog the memory, suggest a change in order. People naturally try to remember and recount events in chronological sequence. Particularly if the interviewee is having trouble recalling detail or order, the lawyer can suggest that he try to remember what happened in reverse order, or by thinking about separate elements in what he considers their order of importance (or any other order). Sometimes, that will yield additional memory.

If helpful, suggest a change in perspective. Again, when an interviewee is having trouble remembering, the lawyer might ask him to try to shift perspective on the scene, to think about what others present might have seen or heard.

Secondly, a good way to ask questions is having open-ended questions. Open-ended questions encourage the client to talk, and allow her to provide information that the lawyer would not otherwise obtain.[13] Begin interviews with broad, open-ended questions that allow the client to tell her story in her own words, and “get her problem off her chest.” Content free questions avoid skewing the data received. Keep the client talking with prompts like, “What happened next?” and then what?”

Open ended questions are generally help to provide information and give freedom in answering questions. The advantages and disadvantages of this form of asking questions is as follows:

Advantages:

1. The solicitor can actively listen and take notes whilst the client is talking

2. Can communicate interest and trust as the client has the freedom to ‘tell their story’

3. Pose little threat to the client

4. Generally, reveal what a client thinks is important

5. May reveal lack of information

6. May reveal a client’s uncertainty around certain issues

Disadvantages:

1. Can consume a lengthy amount of time

2. Client may dwell on information that that the solicitor does not necessarily require (this is where you need to stop and re-direct the client)

3. Client may only give a brief answer, which then requires the solicitor to ask further questions

4. Lengthy and rambled answers which take time to reconcile with facts solicitor

Another way of acquiring information in detail is by using Closed Questions. These are restrictive questions which limit answers from the client and generally are designed to provide specific information (for example “How old are you?”). These questions are less threatening to clients as generally no explanation or justification is required.[14]

Advantages:

1. Solicitors can control the questions and answers more effectively. Allows questions to be asked in less time and allow the solicitor to get specific information without waiting for the client to volunteer it.

2. Answers are easier to replicate and analyze. Answers can be recorded more easily, reliably, and confidently.

Disadvantages:

1. May obtain not enough information

2. May force the client to take a specific position

3. May make the client feel as though the solicitor has no interest in the interview and is merely just going through the steps

Interviewing Skills

For an advocate to carry out an effective client interview, he must employ the following skills:

1. Interpersonal skills

- Avoid using legalese or legal terms that will not be clearly understood by the client.

- Put the client at ease to make it easier for him or her to communicate freely.

2. Questioning Skills

3.Listening Skills

a) Passive Listening

Passive listening skills or techniques are verbal and non-metal cues that encourage the speaker to continue speaking.

b) Active Listening

This involves providing appropriate feedback to show that you understand what is being said.

Steps of the client interview

Presentation of office space and/or reception area

1. Reception area-These steps do not begin with the interview itself but rather with the presentation of the reception area, where there is one. The look & atmosphere of the reception area plays an important role in setting the mood for the entire interview. There are certain ways in which the reception area can be livened up to provide a friendly and relaxed atmosphere for the client[15]:

a. The receptionist should be polite, friendly, and calm.

b. Providing magazines or newspapers for the client to peruse as they wait. It is also important to give the client an estimation of how long they should expect to wait.

c. decorations like still-life paintings and a few potted plants can go a long way in brightening up the reception area or office space

d. If possible, provide a few refreshments such as water, tea, or coffee to help relax the client before they meet the advocate to explain their legal predicament.

e. It is also important to clearly indicate where the washrooms/restrooms are

f. Brochures-place brochures in the reception area indicating the areas of specialization of the firm/legal business & if possible a list of the employees or (at least) managing partners. This will allow the client to become or feel more familiar with the advocate or firm and start to develop a feeling of confidence and trust

g. Play pen-if possible, a separate room or area with a few toys can be demarcated for children to play since some clients may come to your place of business with toddlers

2. Office space-the office space should be tidy. Files should be well-arranged and organized. Some lawyers leave files that they are working on all over the desk as a reminder to work on them, but “An alternative, method is to make a list of such files[16]”. An untidy desking with dusty files gives the client the impression that you are an unorganized, incompetent lawyer. If a client has a poor pre-conceived idea of you, it will prevent the interview from going well.

THE INTERVIEW

The interview consists of 3 stages: the listening stage, the questioning stage, and the advising stage.[17]

Interview Model

There are four stages to this model. Firstly, the welcome stage, followed by the acquire information stage; next is the supply of information and advice and lastly the parting of ways. This model is widely known as the WASP.[18]

1. WELCOME

This is a critical point. One should be open in their demeanor and approach as you are there to receive information about their problems. The ability to listen and question effectively is central to the interviewing process. Failure to listen to the clients’ story will not only limit the accuracy of your information gathering and advice, but may damage your ability to build up a rapport and gain the clients’ confidence.

2. ACQUIRE INORMATION.

Of course, the easiest way one may acquire information is through questioning the client. Ideally, you want your client to tell you everything in their own words. Developing one’s question techniques gives you the best chance of getting all the relevant information. The closer to a conversation your interview is, the more effective it is going to be. This can be explained in the sense that; in an interrogation, one of the parties is an unwilling participant. However, in a conversation, both parties are willing to communicate and do so openly.

To Encourage Your Client to Speak:

- Use open questions.

- Invite your client to speak.

- Make them comfortable by smiling at them. Body language is important.

- Summarize periodically to check your understanding and encourage your client to correct any misunderstandings.

Active and Passive Listening.

Active listening is a method used to listen and respond to others in a structured and deliberate way. It requires the interviewer to understand and actively evaluate what they’ve heard. An active listener engages with the speaker. It can consist of both verbal and non-verbal cues.[19] Active listening is therefore an important part of the process of building an initial perception of the clients’ legal position.

Passive listening is where the listener simply receives the message without giving any external indications. Almost like background noise. An example of this occurs when one may be watching television and someone is talking to them.[20]

3. Supply Information and Advice.

When one is advising a client, the approach you take will not only depend on the information they give you, but will also be influenced by their own perception of your role as their advocate. However, before one gives preliminary evaluations of the case if asked, the advocate must make it clear they can’t be specific until they have investigated the facts further. One also has to do their research before you can advise one’s client with more certainty.

When one is advising their client, one must remember to explain legal matters in ordinary language. If a client cannot understand you, then there is no point. Secondly, one must relate the explanation to the clients’ own situation in such a way as to make it clear how the law sees their problem.

In most cases, there is always more than one course of action available to the client. This means you must figure out which course of action is most likely to help them achieve their objectives. Any action will have costs benefits and risks attached to it. It is our responsibility to ensure the client fully understands what these are. One must be clear to the client. At the end of the day, the client bears the cost and risk and ultimately only they can dictate.

4. PARTING WAYS

It is important, at the end of the interview for your client has provided all the relevant information and has been advised of all their legal and non-legal options. This part mainly deals with summarizing and confirming all the information given. Your client should leave with a clear understanding of what they have committed themselves to and a grasp of the legal issues which relate to their circumstance.

Listening stage

This where the client explains his legal problem to the advocate. There are various important things an advocate must consider at this stage:

1. Ensure the client that you are not there to judge him/her and that you are only interested in getting him/her out of the legal trouble that they are in. A client may be embarrassed by their situation: for instance, if it may be a case involving defamatory remarks made about the client.

2. Fees- it is important to mention the consultation fee ahead of time before staring the interview so that the client is aware beforehand

3. Let the client know that you are giving him control of the interview. Here is a good example of what an advocate can say at this point: “the way I like to do this is simply to let you tell me what happened to cause the police to charge you. I’ll take a few notes. Then I will ask you a few questions. Then we’ll try to diagnose what we can do to help you. Will that work for you?”

4. Confidentiality-before you allow the cline to tell you their problem it is essential that you tell them that everything they say is completely confidential meaning that you will not and cannot disclose anything they tell you to anyone with their permission.

5. Get the client to give you a narrative explanation of the problem that brings him to your office. Say to the client: “Tell me what happened” of “tell me about your situation”. Allow the client to describe their situation without you interrupting them. Let the client tell you their problem in entirety without interruption. If you interrupt the client will feel that they did not get to fully & properly express themselves. This prevents the lawyer from understanding what the client really wants[21].

6. Once the client gets comfortable with you and the environment, ask him/her whether they will be comfortable with you recording what he/she is saying or taking notes, and explain why it is important for you to have an accurate account of what he/she said[22].

7. Listen and observe-show the client through your physical reactions that you are giving them your undivided attention. For example, maintain eye contact, take notes, nod your head, echo back what they have said. Avoid, at all costs, saying or doing things that may be a barrier to communication such as saying negative things or negative expressions. This is important because “poor communication is the largest reason for dissatisfaction” among consumers or clients[23].

8. Ask open-ended questions- Open-ended questions encourage the client to talk. In this way, they allow the lawyer to acquire information that he would not otherwise[24]. Clients need to be asked open-ended questions so that they can freely express their problem in a running narrative. This is because clients do not know how to categorize their problems legally as being, for instance “tort” or “criminal” or otherwise[25].

9. Watch out for red flags-at the listening stage, this where an advocate should watch out for red flags that may inform him/her on whether or not he/she should take the case. Examples of red flags are:

a. the client who is in continued denial i.e. he simply refuses to face facts

b. the argumentative client who wants to quarrel with everything you say

c. the hostile client who displays a high-level of inexplicable, misdirected anger

d. The client who has already spoken with several other lawyers who have not taken the case

e. The know-it-all client who acts like he/she knows more about being a lawyer than you

f. The passive client who appears to be under the thumb of a companion who typically does most of the talking for him/her

Questioning stage

At this stage, the advocate asks the client questions to clarify some facts or to ask about any inconsistencies if he (advocate) had prior knowledge of the facts. The lawyer also summarizes and repeats the major facts to the client as well as the wishes of the client. This ensures that the lawyer has the right information and clearly understands the legal problem and what the client wants.

1. The lawyer begins questioning the client on issues of fact that the client may have skipped over areas where the lawyer feels the client should have given a little more information or more background to the story[26]

2. Coaxing the client to talk-a client may omit some information due to guilt or embarrassment. A lawyer should therefore get this information out of him/her in a gentle manner that will not make the client feel like he is being attacked or forced. For example, a client accused of theft may provide information as to what happened from the time he/she entered the supermarket to the time he/she was escorted by a police officer, but may leave out what happened when one of the stores staff approached him, hence the lawyer might say[27]:

Lawyer: thank you for giving me that full account of what happened in the supermarket. Now I think I would also find it helpful to hear a bit more about what happened after the member of the supermarket staff approached you at the cereals’ isle. Can you tell me about that?

It is important to remember that at the questioning stage, the client is still the one mostly in control. The lawyer does some talking here but the client is still doing most of the talking. The lawyer only asks a few questions from time to time to clarify. The lawyer mentally filters out irrelevant matters and begins to formulate a legal solution in preparation for the advising stage.

Advising stage

Here the lawyer advises the client on the legal effects and consequences of the client’s situation. The lawyer also points out the legal steps to be taken or solutions. There are various steps that a lawyer executes at this stage;

1. The lawyer should be able at this point to generally categorize the legal problem. This means that the lawyer should be able to see that the legal problem falls under “tort law” or “criminal law” or “contract law” or otherwise. This can be referred to as a “general statement of relevant law”[28]. If the legal problem falls outside the lawyer’s field(s) of expertise, a referral should be made. The lawyer should keep track of a referral in order to ensure that such referral was successful[29].

2. The lawyer must then proceed to apply the law to the client’s case or scenario[30]. At this stage, the lawyer need not give a definitive answer. The lawyer’s response may still have a general approach. An advocate should not fall victim to the pressure of giving an extremely definite and specific response at the first interview. This is because the law is constantly changing. In addition, a lawyer cannot memorize everything accurately about the law, even if it is only his field of interest. The outcome of the first interview should instead be that the client feels that he has been given something to take away from the interview, and the lawyer should feel that he has imparted some information to the client.

3. Possible legal solutions-the provision of alternative legal solutions should still be giving in a general, non-definitive manner[31]. The idea here is for the lawyer and client to have a general idea of the legal solutions that may be employed and which are/is most desirable to the client.

4. Avoid legal jargon-An advocate must not bombard the client with legal jargon. The advocate should instead use simple plain language that the client can understand. If the lawyer odes use legal jargon, then he should explain the meaning in layman terms or in plain language.

5. Avoid making predictions of how much money the client will get paid or how much the case is “worth”[32]. Most clients will ask about this if they are suing in expectation of receiving money. Simply explain that it is unwise to make that kind of prediction or estimation at this early stage when you are yet to research the applicable law & see the true strengths and weaknesses of the client’s case.

6. At this point the lawyer sets up the time of the next meeting to follow up with the client on the legal issue at hand.

WITNESS INTERVIEW

A witness interview is a pre-trial meeting between the trial advocate and the witness. Before the interview is conducted, however, the trial lawyer should undertake to gather information before the in-service interview with the client and witness. The reasons behind gathering the pre-interview information are as follows:

- The information gathered beforehand may be used as a starting point for further analysis of the case. Thus, then allows the lawyer to think about the issues to research on before the main interview.

- The preliminary information may also help in saving time and money that may have been used to conduct the main interview.

- It helps the lawyer to decide whether or not he or she wants to take the case.

However, pre-interviews have disadvantages. Firstly, they may give the client the impression that the trial dies not really have any interest in his or her case. This is because the lawyers may take time to gather information about the case. Secondly, they may lead to the lawyer getting misconceptions that may be brought about by stereotypes in the research process.

Objective of a witness interview

A trial advocate meets with the witness in order to determine the reliability of a witness’ evidence[33]. The advocate also uses this opportunity to ask the witness if he is willing to testify in court. The trial advocate also uses this opportunity to ask the witness what they witnessed. This interview also allows the trial advocate to identify any inconsistencies with the facts of the case that he has with what the witness divulges in his oral or written witness statement.

Preparation for a witness interview

In preparation for the interview, the lawyer should ensure that he or she has reviewed the pleadings and is aware as concerns the issues in the action or suit. The lawyer should also study the pleadings critically to ensure that all the areas concerning the case have been covered. He should then look through and understand the evidence forwarded by the witnesses. In addition, he or she should conduct a thorough investigation into the background of the witnesses to know if they are credible. Finally, the lawyer should prepare a list of questions or topics he or she would like to cover with the witness. He or she will then undertake to ensure that a copy of the questions is sent to the witness in question for review in preparation for the interview.

In addition, the advocate may also want to take the following preparatory steps:

1. It may be important to pay a visit to the scene

2. It may be important to examine any physical evidence.

*The above steps will help you identify inconsistencies, if any, between the facts you have gathered and the account of events by the witness during the witness interview.

3. The trial advocate must decide which witnesses are his or her priority. Witnesses are not of equal importance. For example, A’s house is robbed. His neighbor B witnessed the robbery from his bedroom window. A passerby also witnessed it from across the street. A’s neighbor will probably e of greater importance to the trial advocate since he witnessed the robbery at a closer range and his account of events is likely to be more accurate than that of the passerby. B can also provide much more information given that he is A’s neighbor.

Setting the stage

Before the interview, the lawyer should do the following:

- Select a location that will provide privacy to ensure disclosure as some people will not want to share their personal information in a public setting.

- Allow the client to choose where he or she will sit and ensure that physical distance is enough to make the client feel comfortable.

- Use movable chairs and are flexible to other arrangements to be able to change the seating positions as may be required.

- Dress well.

Conducting the interview

To conduct an effective interview:

- Introduce yourself properly, including your name and who you represent. Provide a brief explanation to the witness of the action and the purpose of the interview.

- Ensure that the witness understands who you are and who you represent before proceeding with the interview.

- If you want to record the interview, ask for the consent of the witness.

- Be friendly, respectful, and polite. Strive to be patient with the witness as it may take time to recall the information.

- Listen attentively.

- Take detailed and accurate notes to have a smooth time during the trial.

- Try not to interrupt the witness as he or she speaks unless they utterly steer away from the subject.

- In case you do not get what, the witness says ask them to repeat or clarify certain information.

- Where necessary ask the witness for copies of any relevant documents they may have that might be related to the case.

After the interview, ensure that you have obtained the complete contact information of the witness, i.e., address, phone number and email address. Make sure that you have covered all the important questions with the witness. Ask if there is anything else that the witness believes to be important which you have not covered. Ensure that you ask the witness whether he or she would agree to sign the statement summarizing the evidence. Give your contact information to the witness so that they can be able to contact you should they have any questions or recall anything further. Information the witness about scheduled trial date and advise them that they could potentially be called upon to testify.

After the interview:

- Ensure your notes are complete, legible and filed.

- Create a memo to file after your analysis of the evidence from the witness.

- Send the typed statements to the witness as soon as possible to have it signed. To this, attach an appropriate cover letter.

- Send a subpoena to the witness.

- Follow up with the witness in case the trial date changes.

Differences between client interview and witness interview

1. In the client interview, the client is usually friendly and forthcoming when it comes to divulging information. However, witnesses may not always be friendly to the client’s position.

2. Before a witness interview is conducted, his or her qualifications must always be checked. This, however, does not have to be done before conducting a client interview.

3. The advocate may sometimes need to locate a witness before conducting the witness interview. In a client interview, the client usually avails himself or herself or is the one who approaches the advocate.

[1] Avrom Sherr, Client Interviewing for Lawyers: An Analysis and Guide, (Sweet & Maxwell Publishers, London 1986) p 1

[2] Ibid p 2

[3] Ibid p 21

[4] John Colloway, Initial Client Interview: Oklahoma Bar Journal July 17, 2002 - Vol. 73; No.21

[5]Marjorie Corman Aaron Client Science: Advice for Lawyers on Initial Client Interviews (Oxford University Press, 2012),

[6]Ibid at page 25

[7]Deborah Maranville, The Very Basics of Legal Interviewing

[8] ibid

[9] Binder, Bergman, & Price, Lawyers as Counselors (West, 1991)

[10] Supra n 2 at page 30

[11] Ronald P. Fisher, et al.,

“Improving Eyewitness Testimony with the Cognitive Interview, “in: eds., David F. Ross, J. Don Read, and Michael P. Toglia,

[12] Ronald P. Fisher and R. Edward Geiselman, Memory‐Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview (Charles C. Thomas Pub. Ltd., 1992)

[13]

[14]

[15] Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 14

[16] Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 14

[17]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 17

[18] Lawyering skills and the Legal Process. Caroline Maughan and Julian Webb. (Cambridge University Press)

[19] www.cipd.co.uk

[20] www.cipd.co.uk

[21]Maranville, Deborah., The very basics of legal interviewing, pg2

[22] Mauet T., Pretrial,6^th Edition (2005), Pg.30

[23]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 8

[24] Maranville, Deborah., The very basics of legal interviewing, pg. 2

[25] Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 29

[26]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg.46

[27]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg.47

[28]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg.75

[29] Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg.76

[30]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 77

[31]Sheer, Avrom., (1986), Client interviewing for Lawyers, Pg. 78

[32]Mauet T., Pretrial,6th Edition (2005), Pg. 36

[33] Attorney General’s office, Great Britain, The Law Officers’ departments Departmental report (2007), pg.1998

Nicco-Law

Friday 5 January 2018

Client and Witness Interviews